WTO encyclopedia _ is not a desolate wilderness preserved

The WTO is a permanent, independent of the United Nations international organizations. 1 January 1995, officially began operation is responsible for managing the world economy and trade order, with headquarters in Switzerland Geneva Leman. 1 January 1996, it officially replaced GATT temporary agencies. The WTO is to have the legal status of international organizations, members of the conciliation of disputes with higher authority. Its predecessor is 1947 of the General Agreement on tariffs and trade. Compared with the GATT and WTO covering trade in goods, trade in services and intellectual property, trade, and the GATT is only applicable to merchandise trade in goods.

Sai- territories trade easy group weaving machine structure WTO members divided into four categories: developed members, developing and transition economies and least developed members.

November 7, 2006, the WTO General Council held a special session in Geneva, officially accepted the Viet Nam be first 150 members. Thus, the WTO membership increased to 150. The World Trade Organization Headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. The WTO's first Director was the former Minister of foreign trade of Italy Renato �� Ruggiero, Director-General of the second term is the former Prime Minister of New Zealand �� Mike Moore, Director-General of the third term is Thailand former Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Commerce Supachai, fourth Director is the EU's former trade negotiator Pascal Lamy ��. \ Establishing WTO's vision is to be held July 1944 in Bretton Woods Conference, vision in setting up the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, the establishment of an international trade organizations, enabling them to become after the second world war about the world economy "money-financial-trade"-one of the institutions. In 1947 the United Nations Conference on trade and employment, signed by the Havana Charter agreed to the establishment of the WTO, and later as the opposition of the United States, the WTO could not be established. The same year, the United States launched the elaboration of the GATT, as implementation of the interim agreement on trade liberalization. In 1986 the GATT Uruguay Round negotiations after launch, the European Community and Canada in 1990 respectively filed a motion to set up the World Trade Organization (WTO), in April 1994 in Morocco Marrakech GATT Ministerial Conference before a formal decision on the establishment of the WTO. 1947--1993 GATT hosted eight rounds of multilateral negotiations on tariffs and trade, 8 rounds of talks in 1986 to 1993 and 15 December in Geneva, known as the "Uruguay Round". One fifth wheel is called the "Dillon round", the sixth round is called the "Kennedy round" of the seventh round is called the "Tokyo Round". The WTO and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank (WB) is known as the world's three pillars of economic development. 30 August 2003, the WTO General Council unanimously adopted regarding the application of patent medicines compulsory licensing in the final document. According to the provisions of this document, developing and least developed members because of AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis and other epidemics and public health crises, the patentee, in their internal implementing patent compulsory licensing, production, use and sale of the relevant treatment cause diseases of public health crisis of patented drugs. This not only greatly reduce the related patent medicines market prices, and will help more quickly and efficiently control and reduce public health crisis, and ensure that the fundamental right to life and health are respected and protected. The same year, 13-18 December, the sixth WTO Ministerial Conference in Hong Kong, China, the meeting adopted the Ministerial Declaration, the provisions developed and some developing members 2008 years ago to the least developed countries, all products duty-free, quota-free market access; developed members 2006 abolition of export subsidies for cotton, before the end of 2013 years cancel all forms of export subsidies for agricultural products. The official website of the World Trade Organization http://www.wto.org main function, purpose, objectives, basic principles, the basic functions of the WTO's main functions are: Organization and implementation of trade agreements; provided for the members of the multilateral trade negotiations, and to provide a framework for multilateral negotiations result; resolution of the members of the trade dispute; to the members of the trade policies and regulations for periodic review; coordination with the International Monetary Fund, World Bank, to provide technical support and training. The WTO's purpose is: to improve standards of living, ensuring full employment and a steady improvement of substantial, real income and effective demand, and expanding the production of goods and services and trade; stick to the road of sustainable development, members should promote the optimal use of the world's resources, the protection and preservation of the environment, and to comply with different levels of economic development of all members of the need to strengthen a variety of appropriate measures; positive efforts to ensure that developing countries, especially least developed countries in the growth of international trade and economic development in the access level of the shares and interests. The World Trade Organization's goal is to create a complete, including goods, services, and trade-related investment and intellectual property content, more dynamic, more durable multilateral trading system, so that it can include GATT trade liberalization results and the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations of all results. The World Trade Organization basic principles of non-discrimination principles of trade, including the most-favoured-nation treatment, transparency and national treatment provisions can be predicted and expanding market access, notably on tariff provisions; to promote fair competition, is committed to an open, equitable, non-distorting competition of "free trade" environment and rules; encourages the development and economic reforms. The basic functions of the WTO are: management and implementation of the common form of the WTO's multilateral and plurilateral trade agreements; as a forum for multilateral trade negotiations; sought to resolve trade disputes; the members of the trade policy oversight, and unlike other global economic policies with the formulation of relevant international institutions. The WTO's goal is to create a complete, more dynamic and permanent of the multilateral trading system. Compared with the GATTWTO jurisdiction in addition to the traditional and the Uruguay Round of trade in goods, including long-term free to GATT, intellectual property, investment and non-trade in goods (services), etc. The World Trade Organization with legal personality, Member of the mediation of disputes with higher authority and effectiveness. [Edit this] World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference is the WTO's highest decision-making authority, by all the Member States competent foreign economic and trade ministers, Deputy Ministers or their Plenipotentiaries, General biennial meetings, discussions and decisions of WTO functions of all important issues, and action. First meeting in December 1996 in Singapore, held its second meeting in 1998 in Geneva, Switzerland, the third meeting in November 1999 in Seattle, United States at its fourth meeting in November 2001 in Qatar's capital Doha, at its fifth meeting in September 2003 in Canc��n, Mexico at its sixth session in December 2005, held in Hong Kong, China. Ministerial meeting of the main functions are: appointment of the Director-General of the WTO and to develop relevant rules; determine the Director's powers, duties, conditions and terms as well as secretariat staff duties and conditions; on the WTO agreement and the multilateral trade agreements explain; exemption of certain members of the WTO agreements and the other multilateral trade agreements; consideration of the members of the WTO agreement or the multilateral trade agreements to modify the motion; decide whether to accept the applications for accession to the WTO's country or region to WTO members; decision of the WTO agreement and the multilateral trade agreements in force date, etc. Consists of the General Council and the Secretariat, is responsible for the WTO Conference and work everyday. WTO membership has joined the founding members and new members, founding member must be a party to the GATT, new members must be determined by its decision-making bodies �� two-thirds majority vote of the Council of Ministers adopted before accession. General Council: in the ministerial meeting of the intersessional period, the functions exercised by the General Council, the General Council also by all members. General Council meets the Visual conditions require at any time, to develop rules of procedure and the agenda. At the same time, the General Council also must fulfil their resolve trade disputes and consider the responsibilities of the members of the trade policy. General Council consists of the Council for trade in goods; the Council for trade in services; intellectual property Council. The Council to develop its own Visual conditions, the rules of procedure of the General Council with the approval of the Executive. All members can participate in the Council. The specialized Commission: Council of Ministers under the specialized committees to address specific trade and other related matters. Has set up a Committee on trade and development; limitation of payments; the Committee on budget, finance and Administration Committee; trade and Environment Committee, 10 more specialized Committee. Secretariat and the Director-General: appointed by ministerial meeting under the leadership of the Director-General of the WTO Secretariat (the Secretariat), based in Geneva, Switzerland, about 500 people. Secretariat staff assigned by the Director-General, and the rules adopted by the Council of Ministers decided to their duties and conditions of service. The Director-General of the Council of Ministers identified the powers, duties and conditions of service and rules of the term. WTO Director-General has the following responsibilities: he can to minimize the impact to the members, asking them to comply with WTO rules; the Director-General to consider and to foresee the WTO is the best approach to development; helping members to resolve their disputes between; responsible for the work of the Secretariat, all members of management and budget and the relevant administrative services; chaired the consultations and informal negotiation, avoid disputes. As of May 1999, the WTO has a total of 30 more Council and Standing Committee. Organization chart as follows:

Sai- territories trade easy group weaving group weaving machine structure figure Trade Organization identifies the 9 October 1997, the World Trade Organization (WTO) to enable the new identity.

This identity comprises six road upward bending of the arc, on three road and the next three are red, blue and green colors. Identity means that the dynamic of the WTO in lasting and orderly expansion of world trade will play a key role. Six road arcs of spherical said WTO is different-Member international institutions. Identifies the long time out buzz, symbol of the WTO. Identity of the designer is Singapore Yang Lady, her design uses a traditional calligraphy pen flicks, six road arcs with brush calligraphy pen and pen Yun rate. WTO rights and obligations of WTO and enjoy the following fundamental rights: (1) to make the products and services and intellectual property rights in 150 members enjoy an unconditional, multilateral, permanent and stable of MFN and national treatment; and (2) for the majority of developed countries ' exports of industrial products and semi-finished products from GSP treatment; (3) the members of the majority of developing countries enjoy preferential or transitional arrangements; (4) the enjoyment of other WTO members, opening up or extending cargo, services market access interests; and (5) the use of the WTO's dispute settlement mechanism, fair, objective, rational solution and trade with other countries, creating a favorable environment for the development of trade; (6) to participate in the activities of the multilateral trading system for the international trade rules for decision-making; and (7) the enjoyment of WTO members to take advantage of all the rules, to adopt exceptional measures to promote and ensure their economic development. The WTO commitments following the basic obligation to: (1) goods, services, intellectual property, etc., in accordance with WTO rules, give other members of the MFN and national treatment; and (2) in accordance with the relevant provisions of the WTO agreement, the expansion of goods, services, market access, i.e. the specific requirements of the reduction of tariffs and non-tariff measures, gradually expanding market opening trade in services; and (3) the provisions of the TRIPS agreement to further standardize intellectual property protection; and (4) press the dispute settlement mechanism and the other members of the just resolution of trade disputes, not unilateral reportComplex; (5) an increase in trade policy, regulatory transparency; (6) the specification of goods trade on foreign capital investment measures; (7) according to world exports accounted for payment of certain fees. WTO reciprocity although in GATT and the WTO agreement, the agreement is not very clearly define "reciprocal trade principles", but in practice, only the equality and mutual benefit of concession arrangements may be agreed between the members. WTO reciprocity, primarily through the following form: first, through multilateral trade negotiations of tariff or non-tariff measures for reduction, peer to open their markets to other members for their products or services to other members of the markets, namely the so-called "vote with peach," reported by Lee ". Second, when a country's or region's application to join the WTO, as a new Member you can enjoy all the old members have already reached the preferential treatment of open markets, old Member will consistently requires new members must be in accordance with the WTO agreements, agreements to pay "entry fee" �C open for commodity or service market. Third, the reciprocal trade is a member of multilateral trade negotiations and trade liberalization and other members of the implementation of the main tools of the trade and economic cooperation. GATT and the WTO to fully describe the history of the multilateral trade liberalization to a member benefits were much larger than a country's own unilateral trade liberalization. Because a unilateral autonomous decisions of tariffs, non-tariff liberalization of trade in goods and services markets and opening up, the main interest depends on other trade partners on such liberalization reforms, if the response is good, that is, and also give concessions, the benefits are great; on the contrary, the smaller. On the contrary, in the WTO system, as a member of the trade liberalization is a member of the existing liberalisation commitments undertaken in the context, the nature of this trade liberalization reform brings real benefits with WTO machine production security, not like unilateral or bilateral trade liberalization benefits so uncertain. Therefore, multilateral trade liberalization to better than unilateral trade liberalization, especially like China's developing country. WTO transparency principles principle of transparency is an important principle of the WTO, it is embodied in the WTO agreement, the agreement of the principal. According to which WTO members need to announce the effective implementation of, the existing trade policy are: (1) customs regulations. The customs classification of the products, the rules of valuation methods, customs import and export cargo tariffs rates and other fees; and (2) import and export management of relevant regulations and administrative rules and regulations; (3) the import and export of domestic taxes, regulations and rules; (4) the import and export commodity inspection, quarantine of relevant laws and regulations; (5) the import and export goods and payment of Foreign Exchange Management and foreign exchange management of general laws and regulations; (6) the use of foreign legislation and regulations; (7) the intellectual property protection legislation and regulations; (8) the export processing zones, free trade zones, special economic zones of border trade area, the regulations and rules; (9) the service trade regulations and rules; (10) the provisions relating to the arbitration award; (11) the Member State Governments and their agencies for the impact of trade policy in the existing bilateral or multilateral agreements, agreements; (12) other relevant impact Trade Act of national legislation or administrative regulations. The principle of transparency requires the members should be fair, reasonable and uniform implementation of the relevant statutes, regulations, judgments and decisions. Consistency requires that members of the management of trade within the territory of the relevant regulations should not be differential treatment, that is, the Central Government consolidated enacting the relevant policies and regulations, local Government promulgated the regulations on these matters should not be any conflict with the Central Government. However, the central authority of the Special Administrative Region, except for local government. Fairness and rationality of regulations that require members to implement the performance of non-discrimination principle. Transparency principle also provides, in view of the administrative act on customs inspection and correction necessary to require that all members should retain or as soon as possible establish judicial or arbitration or administrative agencies and programs. Such tribunals or procedures, independent of the responsible for the administrative implementation of the Agency. In addition to the importers in the provisions allowing the appeal period may apply to the superior court or agency complaint, its decisions are implemented by these institutions. How to resolve the dispute at the WTO with the international community in the continued development of economic trade, international trade and trade areas also may see frequently. In solving international economic and trade disputes, the World Trade Organization since its inception, played a major role. The WTO's dispute settlement body is the General Council, the body responsible for handling around the Uruguay Round Final Act includes any agreement or an agreement disputes. Commitments under the WTO members, in the event of a dispute, the parties should not take unilateral action confrontation but rather through the dispute resolution mechanisms to seek redress and compliance with its rules and the decisions made. Dispute settlement procedures is: (1) consultation: under the dispute settlement understanding on rules and procedures, dispute the Parties shall be taken first to settle trade disputes in consultation. Consultation to inform the dispute settlement body. Consultation is done in secret, is to give the parties to the dispute themselves a chance to solve the problem. (2) the establishment of the expert group on: If the members within 10 days of consultation ignored or during the 60 days have not been resolved, the injured party may request the dispute settlement body established the panels. The expert group composed by 3 people, at the request of the parties, the dispute cases for review, listen to both sides of the statement of facts, the survey findings to help the dispute settlement body to make recommendations or rulings. After the establishment of the expert group shall normally be within six months, the parties to the dispute submitted to the final report, in urgent cases, the final report of the time will be shortened to 3 months. (3) through the expert group report: dispute settlement body on receipt of the expert group report of 20-60 days study, unless the parties decide to appeal, or by consensus against the adoption of this report. (4) the appellate body considered: final report of the expert group, after the release of the dispute the parties have the opportunity to appeal. Appeal by the dispute settlement bodyThe establishment of a standing appellate body considered. The appellate body may uphold, amended, revoked the ruling of the expert group conclusions and to submit the dispute settlement body for consideration of the report. (5) a ruling on the dispute settlement body: dispute resolution body shall report to the appellate body of WTO members to disseminate within 30 days after the adoption of the report, once accepted, the parties to the dispute must be unconditional acceptance. (6) the implementation and supervision: dispute settlement bodies overseeing the implementation of the decisions and recommendations. If the breach of a party fails to comply with the recommendations and refuse to provide compensation, the victim of a party may request the dispute settlement body authorized to take retaliatory measures, suspension of agreements under the concession or other obligations under the official languages of the World Trade Organization, its official languages are English, French and Spain, the three languages of the text as the official text, to have legal effect, the Chinese translation is for informational purposes only and does not have the force of law; includes English, French, Spain text was meant to be, when a dispute with the WTO Member States, these provisions are in the text can directly invoke the applicable, have a formal legal effect; included with China's accession to the Chinese translation of legal documents, so that is not used to read foreign language readers learn and master the WTO rules.1, Oman, 9 November 2000 to Pakistan, 1 January 1995, 1997, Panama on September 6, Papua New Guinea, 1996, June 9, Paraguay, Peru, 1995 1 month day, 1 January 1995, 1995, Philippines 1, Poland, 1 July 1995 Portugal, 1 January 1995, 1996, Qatar 1 Romania 13, 1 January 1995 to Rwanda, in May 1996, 22, Saint Kitts and Nevis, 1996, February 21, St. Lucia, 1 January 1995, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1 January 1995 in Senegal, 1 January 1995, Penghu, Kinmen, and separate customs territories, 2002, 1, 1, Sierra Leone, 1995, Singapore, 23 July, 1995 Slovakia on 1 January, 1995, 1, 1, Slovenia, 1995-July 30, Solomon Islands, on 26 July 1996, 1995, South Africa 1, Spain 1 January 1995, 1, 1, Sri Lanka, 1995, 1, 1, Suriname, 1 January 1995, Swaziland 1 January 1995 Sweden, 1995, 1, 1, Switzerland, 1 July 1995 to Tanzania, 1 January 1995 Thailand, 1 January 1995, Togo, 1995, 31 May 1995, Trinidad and Tobago, on March 1, Tunisia, 1995, Turkey March 29, 1995, March 26, Uganda, 1995, 1, 1, U.A.E., 10 April 1996 United Kingdom, 1 January 1995, the United States 1995, 1, 1, Uruguay, January 1995, Venezuela, January 1, 1995, 1, 1, Zambia, 1995, 1, 1, Zimbabwe, 1995, March 5, China's accession in 1995, 11 July, the WTO General Council meeting decided to accept China for the organizations. China since 1986 for returning to the GATT, GATT and the WTO has carried out up to 15 years of effort. 11 December 2001, China officially joined the World Trade Organization, to become its first 143 members. China's accession to the WTO's role and influence:: �� it contributes to China's participation in international economic cooperation and the international division of labour, the promotion of economic development; �� is conducive to the expansion of exports and foreign investment, and in equal conditions to participate in international competition; �� conducive to promoting technical progress, industrial upgrade and economic restructuring, further improving the Socialist market economic system; �� conducive to reform and opening up and development of the Socialist market economy and the improvement of living standards; �� conducive to promoting the growth of the world economy; �� also directly involved in the 21st century international trade rules of the decision-making process, from others to make rules and passive acceptance of adverse conditions, so as to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests. Cons: accession to the WTO on disadvantaged industry is also a serious challenge. As the market expands, the substantial reduction of tariffs, foreign products, services and investment has the potential to enter the Chinese market, the domestic products, Enterprise and industry inevitably face more intense competition. Summary: visible, the WTO has both advantages and disadvantages, but generally outweigh the disadvantages.